Optimization Parameters of Durian Peel-Based Activated Carbon Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Dennis Farina Nury; Intan Wahyuning Kurniawati; Martin Sugiarto Manurung; Muhammad Zulfikar Luthfi; Muhammad Nasyarudin  Iqbal

doi:10.33096/jcpe.v9i2.843

Authors

Dennis Farina Nury Politeknik Industri Petrokimia Banten
Intan Wahyuning Kurniawati Program Studi Teknik Kimia, Institut Teknologi Sumatera
Martin Sugiarto Manurung Program Studi Teknik Kimia, Institut Teknologi Sumatera
Muhammad Zulfikar Luthfi Politeknik Industri Petrokimia Banten
Muhammad Nasyarudin Iqbal Program Studi Teknologi Proses Industri Petrokimia, Politeknik Industri Petrokimia Banten

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33096/jcpe.v9i2.843

Keywords:

aktivator H3PO4, Box-Behnken, daya serap iodin, kulit durian, optimasi

Abstract

Durian peel is one of the agricultural wastes that has not been utilised optimally and has the potential to be used as an alternative to biomass-based activated carbon. This study was conducted to study the optimisation process of making activated carbon from durian peel using H₃PO₄ activator. The optimisation process was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimise the variables that affect the quality of activated carbon using the Box-Behnken method. The variables used were 20% v/v, 25% v/v, and 30% v/v H₃PO₄ concentrations, activation time of 12 hours, 24 hours, and 36 hours, weight ratio of activated carbon to H₃PO₄activator 1:2 m/v, 1:3 m/v, and 1:4 m/v. The optimization using RSM method results showed an iodine absorption capacity of 790.139 mg/g obtained under the following conditions, H₃PO₄ concentration of 30% v/v, activation time of 34.78 hours, and weight ratio of activated carbon to H₃PO₄ activator of 1:4 m/v. Activated carbon from durian peel with optimum conditions obtained surface area value of 2.407 × 10^-11 m² and activated carbon diameter of 4.878 μm using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis test

References

T. Senthilkumar, S. K. Chattopadhyay, and L. R. Miranda, “Optimization of Activated Carbon Preparation from Pomegranate Peel (Punica granatum Peel) Using RSM,” Chem. Eng. Commun., vol. 204, no. 2, pp. 238–248, 2017, doi: 10.1080/00986445.2016.1262358.

S. Adunphatcharaphon, A. Petchkongkaew, D. Greco, V. D’Ascanio, W. Visessanguan, and G. Avantaggiato, “The effectiveness of durian peel as a multi-mycotoxin adsorbent,” Toxins (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 2, 2020, doi: 10.3390/toxins12020108.

B. Y. Andiani, C. A. Riyanto, and Y. Martono, “Characterization of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Peel Activated Carbon based on Impregnation Ratio and Activation Temperature,” Stannum J. Sains dan Terap. Kim., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 19–26, 2022, doi: 10.33019/jstk.v4i1.2533.

M. Rohmah, Putri and R. Redjeki, Sri, “Pengaruh Waktu Karbonisasi Pada Pembuatan Karbon Aktif Berbahan Baku Sekam Padi Dengan Aktivator Koh,” J. Konversi, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 19–27, 2014, [Online]. Available: https://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/konversi/article/view/1098

N. Fathia and S. Kartohardjono, “Effects of trans-membrane-pressure on tofu industry wastewater treatment through ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis processes,” AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 2230, 2020, doi: 10.1063/5.0003026.

N. S, S. . Nanang, and V. Ricky, “Komposisi Efektif Batok Kelapa sebagai Karbon Aktif untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Airtanah di Kawasan Perkotaan,” Media Komun. Tek. Sipil, vol. Vol 24, no. 1, pp. 87–95, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/mkts/article/view/18865

T. B. Simaremare, A. Halim, D. F. Nury, and D. Supriyadi, “Penurunan Konsentrasi Cod Limbah Industri Tahu Menggunakan Adsorben Kulit Durian,” Semin. Nas. Tek. Kim. Soebardjo Brotohardjono, 2022.

X. He, X. Chen, X. Wang, and L. Jiang, “Optimization of activated carbon production from corn cob using response surface methodology,” Front. Environ. Sci., vol. 11, 2023, doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2023.1105408.

K. Pertanian, “Statistik Pertanian,” Kementeri. Pertan., p. 358, 2014, [Online]. Available: https://satudata.pertanian.go.id/assets/docs/publikasi/BUKU_STATISTIK_PERTANIAN_2021.pdf

A. M. Sari, A. W. Pandit, and S. Abdullah, “Pengaruh variasi massa karbon aktif dari limbah kulit durian (Durio Zibethinus) sebagai adsorben dalam menurunkan bilangan peroksida dan bilangan asam pada minyak goreng bekas,” J. Konversi, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/konversi/article/view/10238

S. Das and S. Mishra, “Box-Behnken statistical design to optimize preparation of activated carbon from Limonia acidissima shell with desirability approach,” J. Environ. Chem. Eng., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 588–600, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2016.12.034.

D. Farina Nury, M. Z. Luthfi, D. Deviany, F. Achmad, J. Ronggur, and H. Panjaitan, “Pengaruh Massa Karbon Aktif dan Konsentrasi Adsorbat dalam Penyerapan Zat Warna Metilen Blue,” vol. 04, no. 02, pp. 2745–7206, 2023, [Online]. Available: http://iontech.ista.ac.id/index.php/iontech

K. Malini, D. Selvakumar, and N. S. Kumar, “Activated carbon from biomass: Preparation, factors improving basicity and surface properties for enhanced CO2capture capacity - A review,” J. CO2 Util., vol. 67, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102318.

Z. Khoshraftar, H. Masoumi, and A. Ghaemi, “Experimental, response surface methodology (RSM) and mass transfer modeling of heavy metals elimination using dolomite powder as an economical adsorbent,” Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng., vol. 7, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100329.

M. Alhajabdalla, H. Mahmoud, M. S. Nasser, I. A. Hussein, R. Ahmed, and H. Karami, “Application of Response Surface Methodology and Box-Behnken Design for the Optimization of the Stability of Fibrous Dispersion Used in Drilling and Completion Operations,” ACS Omega, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 2513–2525, 2021, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04272.

L. L. A. Melo et al., “Caffeine removal using Elaeis guineensis activated carbon: adsorption and RSM studies,” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., vol. 27, no. 21, pp. 27048–27060, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-09053-z.

A. H. Jawad, N. N. A. Malek, T. Khadiran, Z. A. ALOthman, and Z. M. Yaseen, “Mesoporous high-surface-area activated carbon from biomass waste via microwave-assisted-H3PO4 activation for methylene blue dye adsorption: An optimized process,” Diam. Relat. Mater., vol. 128, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.diamond.2022.109288.

Z. Yang, R. Gleisner, D. H. Mann, J. Xu, J. Jiang, and J. Y. Zhu, “Lignin based activated carbon using h3po4 activation,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 1–16, 2020, doi: 10.3390/polym12122829.

Ferdinand Polii Fahri, “Pengaruh Suhu Dan Lama Aktifasi Terhadap Mutu Arang Aktif Dari Kayu Kelapa,” Balai Ris. dan Stand. Ind. Manad., pp. 21–28, 2017, [Online]. Available: https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/449479-pengaruh-suhu-dan-lama-aktifasi-terhadap-8bb6381d.pdf

Z. Darajat, M. Septiani, and Fitria, “Pengaruh Waktu Aktivasi Terhadap Karakterisasi Arang Aktif Tongkol Jagung dengan Menggunakan Aktivator H2SO4,” J. JAGO, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 8–15, 2023.

D. F. Nury, M. Z. Luthfi, and M. P. Ramadhan, “Optimization of the drying process of edible film-based cassava starch using response surface methodology,” BIO Web Conf., vol. 77, 2023, doi: 10.1051/bioconf/20237701005.

N. K. Sari, A. H. Regita, D. W. D. Putra, D. Ernawati, and W. Wurjani, “Optimizing Edible Film from Corn Cobs with Surface Response Method,” E3S Web Conf., vol. 328, 2021, doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202132808009.

J. Fajrin, H. Hariyadi, and N. Marchelina, “Aplikasi Metode Eksperimen Response Surface Untuk Mengoptimalkan Kuat Tekan Bata Non Bakar,” J. Rekayasa Sipil, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 79, 2017, doi: 10.25077/jrs.13.2.79-90.2017.

R. Dwityaningsih, T. E. P. S. Rahayu, M. Handayani, and M. Nurhilal, “Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi H3PO4 Sebagai Zat Aktivator Terhadap Karakteristik Karbon Aktif dari Sekam Padi,” Infotekmesin, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 98–104, 2023, doi: 10.35970/infotekmesin.v14i1.1641.

M. H. Pulungan, R. A. D. Kapita, and I. A. Dewi, “Optimisation on the production of biodegradable plastic from starch and cassava peel flour using response surface methodology,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 475, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/475/1/012019.

V. (Verayana) Verayana, M. (Mardjan) Paputungan, and H. (Hendri) Iyabu, “Pengaruh Aktivator HCl dan H3PO4 terhadap Karakteristik (Morfologi Pori) Arang Aktif Tempurung Kelapa Serta Uji Adsorpsi pada Logam Timbal (Pb),” Jambura J. Educ. Chem., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 67–75, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://www.neliti.com/publications/277418/

T. Tedja, E. Riani, and dan Sri Sugiarti, “Pengaruh Aktivasi Fisika Dan Kimia Arang Aktif Buah Bintaro Terhadap Daya Serap Logam Berat Krom,” Biopropal Ind., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 35-45., 2016, [Online]. Available: https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/58103/pengaruh-aktivasi-fisika-dan-kimia-arang-aktif-buah-bintaro-terhadap-daya-serap