Journal of Chemical Process Engineering is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering various topics of chemical engineering related research. Journal of chemical process engineering accepts experimental, analytical, and case study articles of chemical engineering, including chemical process technology, natural resources utilization, food technology, energy technology, etc. Journal of Chemical Process Engineering has ISSN number for printed version No. 2527-4457 and ISSN number for online version No. 2655-2957. Journal of chemical process engineering is published by Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Muslim Indonesia. It is published two times a year on May and November. Journal of Chemical Process Engineering submitted manuscripts are checked using a similarity software of Turnitin to prevent plagiarism. The manuscripts are reviewed by two independent experts to assess the academic and scientific quality of the papers. The decision of acceptance or rejection of the papers is made by Journal of Chemical Process Engineering editorial board based on a recommendation from the peer-reviewers. The decision of editorial board is final.
Fakultas Teknologi Industri - Universitas Muslim Indonesia
Effectiveness of Psidium guajava Leaf Extract as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Low Carbon Steel in Seawater
Corrosion remains a critical challenge across various industrial sectors due to its substantial economic, environmental, and safety implications. Low carbon steel, despite its favorable mechanical properties and cost-effectiveness, is highly susceptible to corrosion, particularly in chloride-rich environments such as seawater. In recent years, the use of natural-based corrosion inhibitors has gained increasing attention as an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic chemicals. This study investigates the effectiveness of guava (Psidium guajava) leaf extract, which contains active compounds such as tannins and polyphenols, as a corrosion inhibitor for low carbon steel in a seawater medium. The weight loss method was employed to determine corrosion rates, with inhibitor concentrations ranging from 7% to 11% over an immersion period of 288 hours. The results demonstrate that a concentration of 10% produced the most significant inhibitory effect, reducing the corrosion rate to 0.00011 mils per year and achieving a maximum inhibition efficiency of 73.17%. Other concentrations yielded efficiencies between 56.09% and 60.97%. These findings indicate that guava leaf extract has considerable potential as an effective and sustainable bioinhibitor capable of reducing corrosion in low carbon steel under harsh marine conditions. Overall, this study contributes to the development of green corrosion mitigation strategies and highlights the viability of natural plant extracts as promising alternatives to conventional synthetic inhibitors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Chemical Process Engineering https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Study of The Effect of Leaching Time of Manganese Ore from Pujananting District, Barru Regency Using The Hydrometallurgical Method
In the mining industry, increasing the content of valuable minerals in the ore levels needs to be done to add economic value. One of the methods to increase copper ore levels is leaching using a sulfuric acid solution. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of leaching time variations on manganese gain. Lysis was carried out using a sulfuric acid solution of 30 ml per leach, a sample weight of 20 gr for each leach, a grain size of -150 mesh, a stirring speed of 200 rpm with variations in leaching time of 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 150 minutes, 180 minutes. The filtrate results from the leachate were then analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results of this study obtained the dissolved Mn at a 90-minute runtime of 14.4045902%, at a 120-minute runtime of 14.4221077%, at a 150-minute runoff time of 14.4173441% and at a 180-minute runoff time of 14.4244638%. Based on the results of the study, the optimal time was obtained the highest dissolved Mn is at 180 minutes of leaching.
Scale-up of Astaxanthin Production from Haematococcus pluvialis
Astaxanthin is a valuable ketocarotenoid with exceptionally strong antioxidant activity, widely applied in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, aquaculture, and food industries. Among natural sources, Haematococcus pluvialis is regarded as the most efficient producer due to its ability to accumulate high levels of Astaxanthin under stress conditions. This study aims to scale up Astaxanthin production from laboratory to industrial scale to achieve 10 kg of purified product. The process design consisted of six main stages: cultivation, harvesting, pretreatment, extraction, purification, and recovery. Laboratory data were integrated with literature references to construct a reliable industrial-scale model. This research adopts a hybrid approach, in which laboratory experimental data for extraction and purification are integrated with literature-based modelling to construct a reliable industrial-scale process design. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was employed, yielding a recovery rate of 57.42%, while purification via column chromatography achieved an efficiency of 85.95%. Mass and energy balances indicated that approximately 405.32 kg of dried microalgae, equivalent to 1,945.35 kg of wet biomass, are required to obtain 10 kg of Astaxanthin. The scale-up process revealed that cultivation, harvesting, and solvent recovery are the most energy-intensive stages, suggesting the need for optimisation of operating conditions and recycling strategies. Despite these challenges, the results demonstrate the technical feasibility of large-scale Astaxanthin production and provide essential data for process design, cost estimation, and sustainability assessment. Overall, this research contributes to bridging laboratory findings with industrial applications and supports future commercialisation of Astaxanthin to meet increasing global demand for high-value natural antioxidants
Simultaneous Optimization of Oil and Resin Extraction from Nyamplung Seeds
Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) is a plant with great potential as a fuel source that can be developed in Indonesia. Nyamplung seeds contain 60-75% oil and 10-30% resin. This study aims to optimise the extraction process of oil and resin from nyamplung seeds using hexane and methanol solvents under various operating conditions and to determine the optimal extraction conditions. In this process, extraction will be carried out using two types of solvents (hexane-methanol) with several operational variations, namely: (1) extraction temperature (35-45°C); (2) extraction time (4-6 hours); (3) stirring speed (200-600 rpm). The extraction process of oil and resin from nyamplung seeds was optimised using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The oil and resin obtained were then characterised through several analyses. The analyses for oil included yield, acid number, density, and viscosity, while the analyses for resin included yield and acid number. Based on the research results, simultaneous optimisation of the extraction process conditions for oil and resin from nyamplung seeds using a mixture of hexane and methanol solvents yielded an oil yield of 52.43% and a resin yield of 9.56% at a temperature of 40°C, extraction time of 5 hours, and stirring speed of 500 rpm. Optimisation aimed at maximising oil yield resulted in a yield of 55.33% at a temperature of 45°C, extraction time of 6 hours, and stirring speed of 600 rpm. Resin yield was obtained at 10.91% at a temperature of 36.35°C, extraction time of 4 hours, and stirring speed of 591.78 rpm. The quality of the optimised oil simultaneously includes an acid number of 10.51 mgKOH/g, density of 0.94 g/ml, and viscosity of 4.47 cP, while the resin has an acid number of 142.79 mgKOH/g
Effect of Sulfur Content in Wetar Pyrite Waste on the Formation Process of Sulfuric Acid Products at AIM Project Morowali
Pyrite ore is a sulfide mineral commonly found in mining operations, and has the potential to be converted into valuable chemical products. The substantial quantity of high-quality pyrite ore waste generated by the Wetar Copper Mine is non-reusable, potentially causing environmental issues upon exposure to air. To mitigate potential environmental contamination at the Wetar Copper Mine, the AIM Project was initiated to process high-quality pyrite ore waste into sulfuric acid. This study aims to determine the effect of sulfur content, measured as a percentage of sulfur recovery, on the conversion of SO2 gas to SO3. Concentrate and calcine samples with particle size variations of 100, 120, 160 and 200 mesh were analyzed on a Carbon Sulfur Analyzer (CSA) with combustion temperature variations of 1100, 1150, 1200 and 1250˚C to determine sulfur content as a reference for the potential amount of SO2 to SO3 conversion in sulfuric acid formation. The results showed that the conversion of SO₂ gas to SO₃ increased with increasing particle size, with a particle size of 200 mesh yielding an optimum sulfur gas conversion percentage of 4.12%. At the same conditions, a maximum sulfur recovery rate of 96.66% was obtained from an average particle size of 200 mesh.
The Effect of Temperature and Storage Time on the Quality of Frozen Food Nuggets
This study aims to determine the effect of storage temperature on the quality of nuggets (frozen food) and the effect of storage time on their quality.The test results showed that the Total Plate Count at room temperature (28ºC-30ºC) on day 1 did not meet the standard. Similarly, at refrigerator temperature (10ºC), the values on days 12 and 16 did not meet the standard. Meanwhile, at freezer temperature (-16ºC), all samples met the standard of <105 cfu/g. For the Yeast and Mold test, the results did not meet the standard at room temperature (28ºC-30ºC) on day 1 and at refrigerator temperature (10ºC) on days 12 and 16. However, at freezer temperature, the nugget samples met the standard requirement of a maximum of 1 × 10⁴ cfu/g.The E. coli test results for all storage conditions (room temperature, refrigerator, and freezer) met the requirement of <3 cfu/g. For the Coliform test, the sample stored at room temperature on day 1 did not meet the requirement, whereas samples stored at refrigerator and freezer temperatures met the standard of 10 cfu/g. In the Proximate Analysis, nuggets stored at room temperature had a moisture content of 51.66%, protein content of 9.62%, and fat content of 10.05%. Meanwhile, those stored at freezer temperature had a moisture content of 61.48%, protein content of 10.23%, and fat content of 10.36%. However, some proximate components, such as moisture and fat content, increased during storage.
Bioplastics from Avocado Seed Starch : Effects of Chitosan and PVA on Mechanical Properties, Water Resistance, and Biodegradability
A sustainable alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics, bioplastics produced from avocado seed starch can help alleviate some of the environmental challenges presented by plastic waste. However, these products still need to improve their mechanical properties and water resistance for industrial use. The purpose of this study is to find out how changes in the amounts of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) affect the mechanical strength, water resistance, and biodegradability of bioplastics made from avocado seed starch. The solution-casting method prepared starch-based bioplastics using chitosan (2.5–4.5 g), PVA (2.5–5%) as filler, and glycerol as a plasticizer. This study found that adding more chitosan increased the tensile strength, reaching a maximum value of 30.696±0.106 N/mm2 in the SNI 7188.7:2016, which was higher than the tensile strength value of the N3 sample. The samples N1 and M1 demonstrated the highest elongation at break of 35.700±4.776% and the lowest water uptake of 5.167%, indicating a 94.833% water resistance. The plastics underwent complete biodegradation under soil conditions after 60 days. This led to valuable results, confirming that avocado seed starch-based bioplastics, as engineering materials for food packaging, have enormous potential for application in the industry. This research needs to increase the water resistance or scale it up for industrial production
Evaluation of Electrocoagulation Process Efficiency in Laboratory Wastewater Treatment with Various Current Densities
Laboratory wastewater contains harmful compounds such as COD, TSS, heavy metals, and toxic compounds that require treatment before being discharged into the environment. Laboratory wastewater contains various hazardous pollutants that can pollute the environment if not managed properly. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the electrocoagulation process in the treatment of laboratory wastewater of the Chemical Engineering Study Program of PGRI University Palembang with variations in current density and reaction time. The experimental method was used by designing an electrocoagulation reactor using aluminum electrodes. The independent variables tested include current density (76.92 A/m², 87.17 A/m², and 102.56 A/m²) and reaction time of 15, 30, 60 minutes. Parameters analyzed included COD, TSS, TDS, pH, electrode consumption, and energy consumption. The results showed that the electrocoagulation process effectively reduced pollutant parameters; at a current density of 102.56 A/m² for 60 minutes, COD decreased to 63.5 mg/L, TSS to 23.52 mg/L, pH increased to 8, and turbidity reduced to 20.48 NTU. The specific energy consumption reached 18.2 kWh/m³ with an operational cost of Rp27,300/m³. Based on the analysis, the optimal current density for laboratory wastewater treatment is 102.56 A/m² with a reaction time of 60 minutes. Electrocoagulation technology is recommended as an efficient, effective, and environmentally friendly treatment method for laboratory wastewater in higher education institutions.
Analysis of the Influence of Center tube on Cyclone Preheater Efficiency in Production Units in the Cement Industry
Cyclone Suspension preheater is an important part of the kiln unit which aims to separate materials and hot gases. The Suspension preheater consists of two strings, namely strings A and B and consists of 4 stages with stage 4 and stage 3 of string B not having a center tube. The efficiency calculation is carried out to determine the ability of the cyclone to separate material and gas and compare the efficiency of the cyclone which has a center tube with a cyclone without a center tube. The efficiency calculation is calculated using the Bohnet calculation. The efficiency calculation was obtained at stage 1 string A of 92.15%, stage 1 string B of 92.16%, stage 2 string A of 87.71%, stage 2 string B of 87.627%, stage 3 string A of 81.987%, stage 3 string B of 78.008%, stage 4 string A of 72.877%, and stage 4 string B of 73.459%. There was a decrease of 4% from stage 3 string A to stage 3 string B. A reduction in efficiency was observed in cyclones without a center tube. The gas flow in the cyclone is more regular with the presence of a center tube and has a longer residency time compared to a cyclone without a center tube. Acyclone without a center tube has a chaotic flow and turbulence can increase so that the separation between particles and gas is inefficient. The presence of a center tube effectively improves both separation efficiency and gas flow stability in the cyclone.
The The Effect of Seawater Use and Solution Composition on the Quality of Blackening Results
The study of the use of seawater and the composition of blackening solutions on the quality of blackening results is essential in increasing the efficiency of raw materials and finding an adequate formulation in the blackening process. Blackening is a black oxide coating process that aims to increase metal resistance to corrosion and wear. This study uses seawater as a solvent with blackening solution raw materials consisting of NaOH and oxidizers with varying compositions. The parameters for testing the quality of blackening results include color testing using the visual matching method, image color picker application, and corrosion resistance testing using the weight loss method. The study results showed that seawater can be used as a solvent in making blackening solutions by providing a somewhat contrasting black color and slower corrosion rate compared to solutions without seawater. NaOH with a percentage of 50%, 70%, and 80% in the corrosion test showed an increase in corrosion resistance of 10%, 30%, and 40%, respectively, after immersion for 30 minutes at a temperature of 150°C. The resulting blackening process not only provides aesthetic value through black coating but also increases protection against material surface degradation. This research is expected to provide an alternative formulation of a blackening solution that is more environmentally friendly and economically efficient, mainly by utilizing seawater as a solvent. In addition, these results are expected to be the basis for further development in blackening applications on various materials for industrial needs.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Chemical Process Engineering https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Linear Regression Analysis on Fluid Flow Rate in Tank Level Control
This research was conducted to study the effect of pump speed on changes in fluid levels in the tank and linear regression analysis of fluid flow. The variation used is a 4 mm solenoid and a variable pump speed range of 30-50%. The results of increasing the level at a pump speed of 32% obtained a level of 82 mm and a pump speed of 50% obtained a level of 149.9 mm, with fluid flow rotation occurring in the first minute. In addition, the determination calculation uses actual fluid level data at time 0 seconds (n=1), time 60.27 seconds (n=30), and time 180 seconds (n=61), with a fluid level value of 1 mm, 118 mm, and 141 mm. So the determination evaluation (R2) obtained is 0.863, which indicates that the model is included in the high tolerance category. So this indicates that the PID controller in this series of piping system equipment is still suitable for use because in the recording of the fluid flow data obtained no significant gaps were found. Apart from that, it can also be seen that the pump speed affects the fluid flow rate due to the change in mechanical energy into kinetic energy which pushes the fluid towards the tank. Process time also influences changes in fluid levels in the tank as a result.
Water Level and NPK Test of Bokashi Compost Fertilizer Results of Industrial Waste Processing Practical Work at the Mineral and Environmental Testing Laboratory
Compost is one of the products resulting from the Industrial Waste Processing practicum in the form of solid waste. This compost goes through a composting process and becomes one of the organic fertilizers containing macro and micronutrients. Compost is produced through the biological decomposition process of organic material, which is controlled and results in humus. Moisture content is one of the key factors in the composting process, and it is essential for determining the maturity and quality of compost. Moisture content refers to the amount of water in a material or object, such as soil (also known as soil moisture), agricultural materials and products, rocks, etc. Additionally, compost fertilizer contains nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and other elements. Based on testing, the sample rice husk: TSP 3:2:2 moisture content was 40.74%, and for another rice hull: TSP 3:2:2 sample, it was 43.14%. rice hull: TSP 3:2:2 had 0.74% for nitrogen content testing, and the second sample had 0.76%. Phosphorus content testing for rice husk: TSP 3:2:2 was 0.28%, while the second sample had 0.18%. rice husk: TSP 3:2:2 had 0.53% for potassium content testing, and the second sample had 0.509%. From these test results, it can be concluded that both samples meet the standards of SNI 19-7030-2004 for compost specifications from domestic organic waste. This research is expected to provide information on the quality of the bokashi fertilizer and be a reference in developing more optimal waste processing methods.
Bias Testing of Mechanical Sampling System Based on Total Moisture and Ash Analysis
As one of the energy sources utilized in various industries, coal quality is determined by its maceral composition, mineral matter, and coalification rank. Generally, coal quality can be assessed through proximate and ultimate analyses conducted in laboratories. Coal samples can be collected from various locations, such as moving streams or stationary setups, using either manual or mechanical systems. In this study, a bias test was conducted on a mechanical sampling system. Bias is detected as the difference between test results and accepted reference values. The acceptability of reference values is established through simultaneous coal sampling using both the reference method and the system under testing. Bias testing is required for new installations, system relocations, system upgrades or modifications, and system maintenance. The procedure involves several stages, including pre-bias inspection, bias inspection, sample analysis, statistical analysis, and data interpretation. A total of 30 paired samples were analyzed, with the parameters measured being total moisture and ash content. These parameters were mathematically processed to calculate the Hotelling’s T² value, which was then compared to the T0² value to determine the presence or absence of bias. The results of the study indicated that the T² value was 4.425, while the T0² value for n = 30 and p = 2 was 6.885. This demonstrates that no bias was detected in the mechanical sampling system, as T² < T0².
Optimisation of Biodegradable Plastic from Cassava Peel Starch with Additional Materials of Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose
The use of plastic in large quantities causes environmental pollution because it is not easily decomposed. One way to overcome this is to make bioplastics from natural materials that are easily decomposed such as cassava peel starch. However, the use of starch in making bioplastics still has low mechanical properties. Therefore, cellulose is added as an additive to improve the mechanical properties of bioplastics. This study investigated the potential of cassava peel starch modified with bagasse cellulose as a base material for bioplastics. The aim is to improve the mechanical performance and biodegradability of bioplastics to reduce the environmental impact of conventional plastics. The resulting bioplastics were evaluated based on water absorption, biodegradability, tensile strength, elongation, and elastic modulus tests. Variations in cellulose content showed a significant effect on the physical and mechanical properties of bioplastics. The addition of 18% cellulose provided the best water resistance, while 3% cellulose content resulted in the highest biodegradability. Optimal mechanical properties were achieved at 9% cellulose addition, with a tensile strength of 10.48 N/mm², elongation of 7.92%, and elastic modulus of 3.43 N/mm². However, these results are still below the standards for environmentally friendly plastics based on SNI 7188.7:2016 and SNI 7818:2014, which set higher parameters for water resistance, tensile strength, and elasticity. This bioplastic has the main advantage of being easily biodegradable, making it a potential alternative for certain applications.
Analysis of the Effect of Adding Jatropha Seed Shell on the Physical and Thermal Properties of Recycled Polypropylene Composites
The increasing volume of plastic waste, particularly polypropylene (PP), poses a significant environmental challenge. Recycling is a crucial solution but often leads to degradation of PP's mechanical and thermal properties of PP. This study aims to enhance recycled PP quality by adding a natural filler in the form of Jatropha Seed Shell (JSS). JSS is a potential filler due to its good mechanical and thermal properties, low density, and recyclability. The research was conducted in two parts: first, without alkalization treatment, using recycled PP with varying JSS additions at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The Melt Flow Rate (MFR) test without JSS showed an average value of 20.620 g/10 minutes, decreasing to 15.380 g/10 minutes at 20% JSS. JSS addition also increased crystallinity from 30.92% to 36.14% and melting temperature from 163.9°C to 166.4°C with 20% JSS. The second part, with alkalization treatment using a 20% NaOH solution, aimed to improve JSS compatibility with the PP matrix. The results showed that alkalization treatment improved the distribution of the filler within the matrix, leading to enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. The MFR value decreased more significantly in this treatment compared to without alkalization, with the lowest value at 14.55 g/10 minutes in the composite with 20% JSS. The degree of crystallinity increased to 33.9% with 15% JSS addition, while the melting temperature remained stable.
Optimization of Polypropylene-Based Polymer Composites Fabrication Using Manual Forming for Automotive and Energy Applications
Polypropylene (PP)-based polymer composites are widely used in the automotive and energy industries due to their lightweight, strong, and corrosion-resistant properties. This study aims to optimize the fabrication process of polymer composites using the manual forming method, focusing on the effect of pressure and heating time on the material's mechanical properties. The materials used include polypropylene as the matrix and glass fibers as reinforcement. The process parameters varied include pressure (150–200 kgf/cm²) and heating time (10–20 minutes). Mechanical tests were conducted using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) for tensile testing and an Izod Impact Tester for impact testing, following ASTM D638 and ASTM D256 standards. The results show that optimal pressure and heating time produced specimens with an average tensile strength of 35.3 MPa and impact energy absorption of 0.45 Joules. Although close to industry standards, uneven pressure distribution and air voids affected material homogeneity. In conclusion, the manual forming method can improve the quality of polymer composites for industrial applications, but further process parameter optimization is required to enhance material consistency.
The Influence of Carbonization Temperature Variations on the Quality of Durian Peel-Based Bio-briquettes
The increasing global energy demand and environmental concerns necessitate the development of alternative energy sources. Durian peel, an abundant agricultural waste in Indonesia, presents significant potential for bio-briquette production due to its high cellulose and lignin content. This study investigates the effect of carbonization temperature on the quality of durian peel-based bio-briquettes. Carbonization was conducted at 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C, with proximate analysis and calorific value determination performed according to SNI 01-6235-2000 standards. The results demonstrate that higher carbonization temperatures reduce moisture and volatile matter while increasing fixed carbon and calorific value. At 500°C, the bio-briquettes exhibited optimal properties, including moisture content (7.47%), volatile matter (13.54%), and a calorific value exceeding 5000 cal/g, meeting the SNI standard. However, ash content at this temperature (9.33%) slightly exceeded the standard (≤8%), highlighting a trade-off between energy efficiency and residual minerals. This study concludes that 500°C is the optimal carbonization temperature for producing high-quality bio-briquettes from durian peel, balancing energy output and combustion efficiency. Further optimization of the process is recommended to enhance fixed carbon content and minimize ash. These findings contribute to sustainable energy practices by transforming agricultural waste into a renewable energy resource, addressing both waste management and energy challenges.
Analysis of Chemical Parameters of Performance of Moringa Seed (Moringa oleifera) as Coagulant in Waste Water Treatment
Household liquid waste, which is rich in organic matter such as detergents and food waste, is one of the main causes of water and soil pollution. Household waste contains organic substances that pollute water and soil. Moringa seeds, as a natural coagulant, effectively bind suspended particles in water to be clean and safe for the environment. Moringa seeds, with their high protein content, act as a natural coagulant that is effective in settling pollutants in water. In addition, moringa seeds are rich in polar groups which have been proven to be effective as natural coagulants in lowering pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in liquid waste. This study aims to analyze the chemical parameters of the influence of moringa seeds on pH changes, decrease in BOD and COD levels in household liquid waste. In this study, liquid waste samples obtained from households around Banta Bantaeng, Rappocini Village, Makassar City were used. The chemical parameters analyzed include pH, BOD, and COD. The research was conducted using the jar test method to measure parameter changes before and after the coagulation process. The concentration of moringa seed coagulant was optimal at a concentration of 2–15 gr/L with a decrease in BOD of 95% and COD of 86%. The results of the study show that moringa seeds are effective in reducing the level of organic matter in household liquid waste. With its effectiveness and environmentally friendly nature, moringa seeds can be a sustainable alternative solution for household liquid waste treatment.
Optimizing Post-Harvest Preservation of Shallots (Allium Aascalonicum L) through the Application of Co-60 Gamma Ray Irradiation Technology
Shallots are an important food commodity for the needs of various Indonesian cuisines and other uses that are widely utilized. However, currently shallot farmers complain about post-harvest shallots that are easily damaged such as rotting, wrinkling, porous, root growth and fungal growth. To reduce this damage, preservation is needed. One alternative technology is Co-60 Gamma Ray Irradiation based on the principle of electromagnetic radiation that produces high-energy photons that cause ionization and excitation in the material it passes through. The nature of Gamma rays used in the preservation process has great penetrating power and does not cause temperature changes in the irradiated food. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Co-60 gamma ray irradiation on the optimization of the shelf life of post-harvest preservation of shallots with variations in control doses: low, medium and high, variations in temperature and quality parameters. The method of this research stage is: 1) Sample preparation. 2) Gamma Ray Irradiation of Co-60 with variation of control dose: low, medium and high 3) Analysis of temperature measurement and measurement of quality parameters (water content, weight loss, damage and hardness) against the irradiation dose. The results showed that gamma ray irradiation of Co-60 affected the length of shoots based on variation of dose and temperature, namely on day 1 and day 14 the combination of 650Gy treatment at 350C had the smallest shoot length, water content was relatively high, weight loss was relatively small, damage was relatively small and hardness was relatively high.
Comparison of Paper Waste Hydrolysis Using Potassium Hydroxide From Empty Palm Fruit Bunch Ash and Commercial Potassium Hydroxide
Paper waste is one type of waste that is quite abundant. Effective processing of paper waste can be done using hydrolysis process because this process can decompose lignocellulose compounds in paper waste into simpler compound such as glucose and other derivative products. Hydrolysis process was generally carried out using chemical catalysts such as acids, bases and enzymes. In this study, paper waste hydrolysis was investigated using base catalysts such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) from palm oil empty fruit bunches (POEFB) ash and commercial KOH. The research stages began with the preparation of POEFB ash, KOH production from POEFB ash, paper waste preparation, and the hydrolysis process of paper waste using KOH from POEFB ash and commercial KOH. This study uses variations in hydrolysis time were carried out to evaluate the hydrolysis conversion. Based on the research, it was showed that KOH catalyst from POEFB ash contain potassium compounds in the form of 5.87% potassium oxide (K2O) and 31.45% potassium carbonate (K2CO3). Comparison of catalyst performance between KOH catalyst from POEFB ash and commercial KOH catalyst showed that commercial KOH catalyst was better than KOH catalyst from POEFB ash. The effect of hydrolysis reaction time was directly proportional to the conversion value that the highest conversion was 12.11% at 90 minutes using commercial KOH catalyst.
Innovation of Traditional Salt Pond by Enhancing Evaporation Rate using Coconut Coir Waste
National salt production capacity is dominated by smallholder salt production through the crystallization process in traditional salt ponds. One of the salt producing areas in South Sulawesi Province is located in Jeneponto Regency. Salt farmers in Jeneponto Regency produce salt through traditional salt ponds. Jeneponto Regency is also one of the main coconut producing areas. Coconut coir from the people's plantation industry is currently only used as fuel in small and medium home industries or is simply thrown away as waste. Coconut coir has the ability to absorb water. The aim of this research is to innovate the use of coconut coir waste to increase the surface area for water evaporation in traditional laboratory-scale salt ponds. This research was also carried out by conducting analysis on traditional ponds to study the factors that influence the salting process. Next, the salting process was carried out on a laboratory scale by making a replica of the traditional pond salting process which was equipped with the addition of coconut coir to increase the evaporation surface area. The results of the research show that the salting process in traditional salt ponds is greatly influenced by the season. The sun plays a very important role in the evaporation process in traditional salt ponds until salt crystals form in the ponds. Laboratory scale salt pond equipment shows that the use of coconut coir plays a very important role in speeding up the evaporation process and has the potential to increase salt production in traditional salt ponds.
Potential of Freshwater Microalgae in Biodegradation of Disposable Face Masks
The use of disposable face masks can reduce the transmission of Covid-19 through saliva splashes from infected patients. However, the use of these masks causes waste generation that has the potential to release microplastic fibers into the environment. Biodegradation by freshwater microalgae can be a solution to handling disposable face mask waste. Microalgae were isolated from retention ponds in Institut Teknologi Sumatera using Walne fertilizer and pineapple liquid waste (LCN) as alternative growth media. Selected isolate was used to degrade three-ply mask pieces with Walne:LCN media ratios of 1:0,; 0:1, and 1:1 as well as Walne media without the addition of isolate as a control. Analysis of the masks degradation results was carried out using gravimetric and Fourier Transform Infraredmethods. Gravimetric analysis showed a decrease in mask mass after degradation for the control, 1:0, 0:1, 1:1 treatments, which were 0.0004grams, 0.0054grams, 0.0088grams and 0.0193grams, respectively. FTIR analysis showed new functional groups (O-H), increased C=C, and decreased C-H % transmittance of the masks after degradation. It can be concluded from the analysis that microalgae isolated from ITERA’s retention basin was able to degrade disposable masks, which is characterized by a decrease in mask mass and changes in % transmittance of C=C and C-H functional groups. The addition of LCN did not show a significant effect on mask degradation compared to variations without LCN, as evidenced by the FTIR results in the 1:1 variation where no alkene groups appeared and the alkyl group spectrum peaks were not much different from the control
Pre-Treatment of Empty Oil Palm Bunches (EOPB) Using Autoclave with Variations in H2SO4 Solvent Concentration to Increase Cellulose Content
Empty Oil Palm Bunches (EOPB) are waste products from palm oil mills, the waste is produced in large quantities, but most palm oil mills have not utilized this waste product adequately. There are several contents of EOPB, namely cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, each of which has economic value so that it can be utilized further. One significant opportunity is that cellulose in EOPB will be converted into glucose or bioethanol. Bioethanol is one of the options in supporting the availability of renewable energy resources. The bioethanol production process consists of initial pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and purification. The delignification process of Empty Oil Palm Bunches (EOPB) using physical and chemical pretreatment can break down lignin and hemicellulose so that cellulose can be converted into glucose in bioethanol production. The pretreatment procedure with H2SO4 solvent is used to increase cellulose content. The purpose of this study was to determine how different concentrations of H2SO4 affect the amount of cellulose in the EOPB pretreatment process. Additional studies on bioethanol can be done with this cellulose content. There is an experimental component in this study, namely through direct observation and testing of materials containing different concentrations of H2SO4, namely 3%, 5%, and 7%, data were collected through laboratory experiments. The cellulose content for 0% H2SO4 concentration was 16.15%, 3% H2SO4 was 30.00%, 5% H2SO4 was 36.35%, and 7% H2SO4 was 41.09% indicating that the H2SO4 solvent can increase the cellulose content.
Delignification of Lignocellulosic Content of Sugarcane Bagasse (Saccarum officinarium) with Variations in Size and Pretreatment Time
Sugarcane bagasse (Saccarum officinarium) is a byproduct of the sugar production process and holds potential as a raw material for bioethanol production due to its lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose contains important components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This study focuses on the delignification of sugarcane bagasse (Saccarum officinarium) through a combination of mechanical and autoclave treatments, with variations in particle size and heating time. The goal of this study is to reduce the lignin content and increase the proportion of cellulose and hemicellulose, key components for producing valuable products for instance bioethanol. In this research, sugarcane bagasse was processed with particle sizes of 60, 70, and 80 mesh, and heated in an autoclave for 30, 45, and 60 minutes. The Chesson-Datta method was used to analyze the lignocellulose content of the bagasse after the delignification process. The results showed that the best outcome was achieved with a particle size of 80 mesh and a heating time of 60 minutes, yielding the lowest lignin content at 14.27%, while cellulose and hemicellulose reached 44.3% and 26.75%, respectively. This indicates that variations in particle size and heating duration significantly affect the effectiveness of the delignification process. Optimizing these two parameters is crucial for increasing cellulose and hemicellulose content while reducing lignin. Further research is expected to develop more effective pretreatment techniques to enhance the efficiency of sugarcane bagasse biomass conversion for industrial applications
Evaluasi Kualitas Air pada Sistem Pendinginan PT. XYZ Surabaya: Studi Kasus Cooling Water
Sistem pendinginan merupakan komponen penting dalam berbagai proses industri yang mempunyai peranan untuk menjaga suhu peralatan dan kinerja proses agar tetap optimal. Kualitas air yang digunakan dalam sistem ini harus mampu memastikan efisiensi operasional dan meminimalkan risiko kerusakan pada peralatan. Analisis kualitas air pada cooling water menjadi sangat penting untuk memantau dan mengendalikan beberapa parameter kunci dalam kualitas air agar tetap dalam batas yang aman dan optimal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisa kualitas cooling water pada PT. XYZ Surabaya berdasarkan beberapa parameter diantaranya pH, TDS, turbidity, M-alkalinitas, Ca-hardness, total-hardness, LSI (Langelier Saturation Index), dan RSI (Ryznar Stability Index). Metode penelitian yang digunakan terdiri dari tiga tahapan yaitu tahap pengambilan sampel, tahap persiapan, dan tahap analisis. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel cooling water pada pabrik tersebut. Sedangkan tahap persiapan dilakukan dengan melakukan kalibrasi terhadap alat-alat instrumentasi yang digunakan. Selanjutnya dilakukan tahap analisa terhadap beberapa parameter kualitas air tersebut. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa cooling water PT. XYZ Surabaya memiliki nilai pH, TDS, turbidity, M-alkalinitas, Ca-hardness, total-hardness, LSI, dan RSI berturut-turut sebesar 6,54; 544 ppm; 1,34 NTU; 236,88 ppm; 62 ppm; 16 ppm; -0,77; dan 8,1. Dari hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa air memiliki tingkat korosifitas yang tinggi namun tidak terbentuk kerak.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Chemical Process Engineering https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Karakterisasi Sifat Bahan Bakar Char Hasil Pirolisis Daun Cengkeh Sebelum Dan Sesudah Steam Destilasi
Cadangan bahan bakar padat semakin menipis karena pemakaian bahan bakar batubara semakin meningkat. Diperlukan bahan bakar alternatif yang murah dan ramah lingkungan. Hasil penyulingan dari daun cengkeh akan diperoleh sisa daun cengkeh yang berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan baku untuk menghasilkan bahan bakar yang terbarukan. Bahan bakar yang dimaksud berupa bahan bahan bakar padat (char). Metode yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan bahan bakar dari biomassa yaitu dengan metode pirolisis terhadap analisis proximate. Hasil uji laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa char yang diperoleh sesuai dengan standar yaitu nilai kadar air (MAS) : 3,91%; abu (ASH) : 3,86%; volatile matter (VM) : 36,48%; dan fixed carbon (FC) : 49,1 dimana char yang dihasilkan memiliki kadar air, abu, dan zat terbang (VM) yang rendah, serta nilai karbon yang tinggi sehingga sangat baik digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif.
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Chemical Process Engineering https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Produksi Bahan Bakar Alternatif Briket Dari Hasil Pirolisis Bahan Batubara Dan Serbuk Gergaji
Berlimpahnya limbah biomassa serbuk gergaji dari hasil olahan industri sehingga perlu dilakukan sebuah penelitian untuk memanfaatkan limbah tersebut menjadi bahan bakar alternatif briket. Metodologi yang dilakukan dengan beberapa tahapan, yakni proses pirolisis bahan batubara dan serbuk gergaji pada suhu 400oC, dilakukan penggilingan dan pengayakan arang dengan ukuran partikel +50-120 mesh. Kemudian dilakukan pencetakan briket dan terakhir adalah tahap pengujian (Uji Ultimate, Uji Proximate dan Kecepatan pembakaran). Berdasarkan hasil uji diperoleh nilai kalor biomassa serbuk gergaji (6603,4 kal/gr) lebih besar dibandingkan dengan batubara (6600,2 kal/gr) dan uji laju pembakaran briket diketahui jika biomassa mempercepat proses pembakaran.
Efektivitas Asam Nitrat (HNO3) Sebagai Pelarut Alternatif Pada Proses Acid Wash Terhadap Plate Electrolyzer Di PT Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia
Proses acid wash di electrochloronation merupakan proses pembersihan kerak menggunakan pelarut asam. Asam Chlorida (HCl) adalah pelarut asam yang paling umum digunakan untuk melarutkan kerak CaCO3. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan konsentrasi optimum HNO3 sebagai pelarut alternatif dengan mengkaji efektifitasnya menggunakan HCl sebagai pembanding. Sampel kerak diambil dari plate electrolyzer sebanyak 5 gram. Larutan HNO3 dan HCl diencerkan dalam beberapa variabel konsentrasi, 2%; 3%; 4%; 5%; dan 6%. Sampel CaCO3 dilarutkan dengan HNO3 dan HCl kemudian dihitung jumlah kerak yang terlarut. Banyaknya zat terlarut berbeda sesuai dengan konsentrasi pelarut.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan HCl dengan konsentrasi 3% tingkat kemolaran 0,83 M mampu melarutkan sebanyak 76,07% dari total sample kerak dan HNO3 dengan konsentrasi 5% tingkat kemolaran 0,81 M juga mampu melarutkan sebanyak 76,04% dari total sampel kerak CaCO3. Sehingga HNO3 dianggap mampu menjadi pelarut alteratif.
INOVASI PASTA GIGI ANTIPLAK DAN ANTISEPTIK DARI DAUN KEMANGI DAN DAUN BINAHONG
Salah satu permasalahan yang sering dihadapi oleh masyarakat Indonesia adalah karies gigi. Banyaknya makanan yang biasa dikonsumsi mengakibatkan timbulnya masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut, yang disebabkan oleh kurangnya kesadaran dalam menjaga kebersihan mulut. Berdasarkan dari data WHO, 90% dari penduduk Indonesia menderita karies gigi. Pasta gigi herbal ini diharapkan dapat menjadi solusi yang inovatif, karena tidak mengandung flourida, namun mengandung bahan herbal dari ekstrak daun kemangi dan daun binahong. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar polifenol yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri pencetus gigi berlubang dengan metode UV-Visible dimana sampel dibersihkan, digerus lalu direndam dalam larutan ethanol 98% masing-masing 7 dan 8 hari. Setelah itu pelarut diuapkan menggunakan evaporator, campurkan semua bahan pasta gigi dan lakukan uji analisa spektrofotometri UV-Visible dengan pembanding asam tannat. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun kemangi dan daun binahong dengan perlakuan digerus dan dimaserasi selama 7 hari dan 8 hari mempunyai perbedaan kadar polifenol yang signifikan, yaitu kadar polifenol dalam 1 gram ekstrak kemangi 7 hari dan binahong masing-masing 274,4 mg dan 289,4 mg, sedangkan ekstrak kemangi dan binahong dalam maserasi 8 hariyaitu 194,7 mg dan 61,8 mg.
Pengaruh Daya Dan Waktu Mikrowave Produksi Bahan Bakar Nabati Dari Minyak Jelantah
Dengan bertambahnya populasi penduduk dunia dan berkembangnya bidang industri dari tahun ke tahun kebutuhan energi mengalami kenaikan. Salah satu terobosan yang bisa dilakukan adalah dengan memanfaatkan limbah-limbah rumah tangga atau minyak nabati sebagai sumber bahan bakar. Potensi minyak jelantah dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai biodiesel yang dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan bakar nabati. Metode yang yang digunakan yaitu proses esterifikasi dan transesterifikasi. Esterifikasi adalah proses konversi asam lemak menjadi ester sedangkan transesterifikasi adalah proses transformasi kimia molekul trigliserida yang besar, bercabang dari minyak nabati dan lemak menjadi molekul yang lebih kecil, molekul rantai lurus, dan hampir sama dengan molekul dalam bahan bakar diesel. Keunggulan dari proses esterifikasi dan transesterifikasi ini adalah waktu yang dibutuhkan lebih singkat dibangkinkan dengan metode konvensional dan biodiesel yang dihasilkan memiliki yield yang tinggi. Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah variabel daya yaitu 100, 200, 400, dan 600 watt. dan variasi waktu yaitu: 1 ; 2,5 ; 3,5 ; 4 ; 4,5 ; dan 5 menit. Bidiesel dapat diperoleh dari minyak nabati dengan variasi daya dan waktu terbaik yaitu 600 watt dan 5 menit. Biodiesel ini telah memenuhi standar SNI 7182.2015 dengan nilai densitas 850-890 g/ml dapat disimpulkan bahawa biodiesel ini layak digunakan.